Gynecology
PMOS (PCOS), endometriosis, adenomyosis, fibroids, uterine polyps, ovarian cysts, irregular periods, vaginal discharge and infections, vaginismus, menopause and healthy ageing, and cervical cancer screening.
PMOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome – PCOS): The New Name, Symptoms and Treatment
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was renamed Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) in 2026 following a global consensus. Affecting about one in eight women of r...
Read moreEndometriosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Endometriosis is tissue similar to the lining of the uterus growing outside the uterus, most often on the ovaries and pelvic lining. It affects about one in ten women of...
Read moreUterine Fibroids: Symptoms, Effect on Fertility and Treatment
Fibroids are benign tumours of the uterine muscle found in many women by the age of 50. Most cause no symptoms and need no treatment. When they cause heavy periods, pelvi...
Read moreOvarian Cysts: Types, Monitoring and When Surgery Is Needed
Most ovarian cysts are functional cysts related to the menstrual cycle that disappear on their own within a few cycles. Persistent cysts such as endometriomas, dermoid cy...
Read moreIrregular Periods and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
A normal cycle lasts 24-38 days and bleeding usually lasts less than 8 days. Marked changes in cycle length, very heavy or prolonged bleeding, bleeding between periods an...
Read moreMenopause: Healthy Ageing, Symptoms and Hormone Therapy Options
Menopause is the permanent end of periods due to loss of ovarian function, defined after 12 months without a period. The average age in Türkiye is around 47-49. Hot flush...
Read morePap Smear and HPV Test: Cervical Cancer Screening
Cervical cancer is largely preventable with regular screening using the HPV test and Pap smear (cytology). The national programme in Türkiye recommends HPV testing with c...
Read moreHPV Vaccine: Who, When and How Many Doses?
The HPV vaccine protects against the HPV types that cause most cervical cancers and genital warts. It is most effective when given at ages 9-14, before sexual activity be...
Read moreContraception: Choosing the Right Method for You
Contraceptive methods include long-acting reversible methods (IUD and implant), hormonal methods (pill, patch, ring, injection), barrier methods (condom) and permanent me...
Read moreUterine and Cervical Polyps: Endometrial and Cervical Polyps
Two types of polyp occur in the uterus: uterine polyps (endometrial polyps), which arise from the inner lining of the uterus, and cervical polyps, which arise from the ce...
Read moreVaginal Discharge and Vaginal Infections: Bacterial Vaginosis, Thrush and Trichomonas
Vaginal discharge is normal in women of reproductive age, and its amount and consistency change with the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, breastfeeding and menopause. A change...
Read moreAdenomyosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Effect on Pregnancy and Treatment
Adenomyosis is a condition in which tissue from the inner lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is found within the muscular wall of the uterus. It can cause heavy and p...
Read moreVaginismus: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Approach
Vaginismus is the involuntary tightening of the pelvic floor muscles around the vaginal entrance, making intercourse, tampon use or a gynaecological examination difficult...
Read moreEctopic Pregnancy: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that implants outside the uterine cavity, most often in a fallopian tube, and occurs in about 1-2% of pregnancies. It may cause no sym...
Read moreWomen's health at every age
Gynecological examinations are the foundation of women's health, covering menstrual health, fertility, hormonal changes and cancer screening. Regular check-ups help detect preventable conditions such as cervical cancer early, even in women without symptoms.
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