Long-acting reversible methods
- Copper IUD: hormone-free, effective for 5-10 years; may make periods somewhat heavier.
- Hormonal IUD: releases a small amount of progestogen into the uterus, effective for 3-8 years; markedly reduces bleeding and is also used to treat heavy periods.
- Implant: a rod placed under the skin of the arm, effective for 3 years and suitable while breastfeeding; irregular bleeding is the most common side effect. A study co-authored by Prof. Dr. İkbal Kaygusuz examined compliance and side effects of the implant during breastfeeding.
Because they cannot be forgotten, these methods have the highest real-world effectiveness.
Hormonal methods
- Combined pill, patch and ring: contain oestrogen and progestogen; regulate periods and may reduce period pain and acne. Not used with migraine with aura, smoking over 35 or a history of clots.
- Progestogen-only pill: suitable when oestrogen cannot be used and while breastfeeding.
- Injection: every 1 or 3 months.
Barrier methods
Condoms are the only method that also protects against sexually transmitted infections. They need correct, consistent use and are less effective alone than long-acting methods.
Emergency contraception
After unprotected sex, emergency pills (more effective the sooner they are taken) or a copper IUD fitted within 5 days are options. They should not replace regular contraception.
Permanent methods
Tubal ligation or removal in women and vasectomy in men are permanent; decisions follow detailed counselling.
Pregnancy after stopping
Fertility usually returns quickly after stopping the IUD, implant or pill; after the injection it may take several months. Women planning pregnancy should start folic acid when they stop contraception.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does the pill cause infertility?
Can women who have not given birth use an IUD?
Sources
- World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 6th ed., 2025.
- Etonogestrel contraceptive implant (Implanon): analysis of patient compliance and adverse effects in the breastfeeding period. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 2010.
The information on this website is for general information only and does not replace a medical consultation.